OXIDATIVE SYSTEM OF THE BODY

The adaptive capabilities of the body are largely determined by the state of the physiological systems of non-specific resistance, including the molecular, cellular, tissue and organ levels of organization, providing adaptive responses of the body to endogenous and exogenous adverse effects.
An obligatory attribute of normal aerobic life is the generation of so-called activated oxygen metabolites, known as prooxidants.

The functioning and development of cells in an oxygen-containing environment could not be possible without the existence of protective systems, which include specialized enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants.

The constant formation of prooxidants in living organisms is balanced by their deactivation by antioxidants.
Consequently, continuous generation of antioxidant capacity is necessary to maintain homeostasis. The absence or failure of this continuity contributes to the development of oxidative stress.

Physiological systems

It should be emphasized that lipid peroxidation processes are a constant component of normal vital activity of the body, occurring in all cells and being, probably, one of the ways of their metabolic regulation. In particular, lipid peroxidation reactions are of great importance for the renewal of lipids and thereby maintaining structural cellular homeostasis.

to enter into oxidation reactions of biological substrates determines their active participation in the development of a cascade of free-radical reactions of lipid peroxidation, accompanied by the formation of organic radicals and organic peroxide compounds.

The ability of activated oxygen species...

Lipid peroxidation

Oxidative stress is characterized by uncontrolled generation of activated oxygen species, which can damage the integrity of vital cellular structures and disrupt their normal functioning. Normally, the main forms of activated oxygen species are essential components of cellular metabolism and perform certain biological functions. The leading place among the most active types of activated oxygen species generated in the human body is occupied by the superoxide anion - radical.

OXIDATIVE STRESS

Pathological conditions

However, under pathological conditions, the mechanisms of generating active forms of oxygen cause uncontrolled formation of highly reactive metabolites, which, interacting with biological macromolecules, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, lead to the occurrence of structural and biochemical disorders manifested at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels.

The processes of protein resynthesis are disrupted, the activity of protease inhibitors, intercellular contacts, the activity of hematopoietic and immunocompetent cells change, and the effectiveness of detoxification processes decreases.

Metabolic disorders occurring at the cellular level contribute to the development of functional failure of various organs and tissues.

Normally, the reactivity of activated forms of oxygen is restrained by a powerful antioxidant system present in the human body, but under pathological conditions, this balance is disturbed towards a sharp activation of generation, the formation of oxidative stress, and, as a consequence, the occurrence of oxidative damage causing a number of pathophysiological phenomena and processes.

Activated oxygen form

At present, there is no doubt that activated oxygen forms occupy a leading place in the pathogenesis of radiation damage, tissue destruction caused by the development of an inflammatory reaction, ischemia with subsequent reperfusion, as well as a number of bronchopulmonary, cardiovascular and genetically determined diseases.

Active participation of activated oxygen forms in the processes of carcinogenesis and aging has been established. Thus, oxidation-reduction processes accompanied by the formation of toxic side activated oxygen forms, organic free radicals, and peroxide compounds are a necessary part of the functioning of a living organism.

Inactivation of the entire variety of toxic free radical products formed in the body is ensured by the antioxidant link of the detoxification system.